Sunday, August 23, 2009

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Occupational Risk Education

Occupational Risk Education

Some of the risks that we will point out, and their interdependence affect all / as professionals working in education, both teaching and non-teaching, and result in problems and diseases such as musculoskeletal disorders, stress and anxiety, development of allergies, infections or lack of job security. Others, however, particularly affect groups such as the and teachers (voice problems or stress and emotional exhaustion), or workers' labor centers (exposure to hazardous substances, muscle disorders).

Even today, socially, the idea persists that those who work in education, we face risks not particularly harmful. However, data are published each year as the Report of the State Board of Education, and performing studies on unions as we do in the Confederation of STEs-Inter, which show the persistence of specific diseases among workers that affect people, who end up sick, causing an expense social health resources by suing or hiring of substitutes, girls and undermine the quality of public services and education provided by these workers. Furthermore, as diseases that are generated in a large temporary space, often escape the obvious relationship of cause and effect they have, for example, accidents, and not being recognized as occupational diseases1, drift to those who have them all costs of rehabilitation and recovery of ailments that are caused by reason of job performance. If we add that the health surveillance through medical examinations is not done in a systematic and targeted to the risks inherent our work environment, complete a circle that prevents being able to take proper precautions.

Since STEs-I want to point out now some areas and aspects which we believe constitute the main manifestations of risk in our sector.


Job stability in employment
The degree of certainty of continuity in the job of a teacher raises serious deficiencies in the balance between the effort required by their work and provides them with compensation. This is evident in the case of temporary teachers.

Other education workers who perform tasks that require the use of vehicles in different geographic points (roaming) have a very different professional profile: Examiners / as, coordinators, psychologists / as, janitors, union members, tutors practices, etc. These groups are a number of risks, which should be borne by the Administration and / or business, supporting them on their own vehicles and their health, in return compensatory amounts insufficient.


Security issues and industrial hygiene (Machinery, equipment, substances, material handling, workplace ,...)
27% of the English hospitals suspended in security this year according to the study Consumer-Eroski, but noticeably improved compared to other research conducted in 2003 where the share accounted for 68%. This study shows safety deficiencies as bars on windows without opening the interior while acknowledging progress in safety in open spaces (patios, baskets, goals) and indoors (classrooms, toilets, dining room, gym).

However, there are still many risks for which preventive action is required and at other times the Confederation of STEs (Orton, 2003) have pointed out, the referred to as inherent in other workplaces (patios, porches and spaces soils at different levels that lead falls, stairs that violate the measures, the existence of platforms in some classes, slippery floors, poor anchors goals and baskets, architectural barriers, vehicles on the inside of the courts in times of work, doors, motor-drive mechanisms without paralysis, ... ) with regard to machinery and work equipment (CE no indication, no scheduled maintenance, display screens do not meet the technical guide, machines used by students in workshops and laboratories that do not comply with the rules ... ), the risks of cargo handling (lack of risk assessment, lack of technical and or forklift trucks, lack of training in handling techniques and risk ,...); electrical installations, boilers and gas cylinders (no grounding and interruptions differentials, lack of sufficient insulation, gaps in boilers and conducting gases, inadequate and unsafe location products and flammable materials, ...), the risks of chemicals and chemical and biological contaminants (deficiencies in storage and labeling, waste without proper collection, ...), the risks of ventilation , air, noise and lighting (lack of acoustic insulation, inadequate temperatures, lack natural light, ...), the external risks and emerging (electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone masts near schools, ...) or deficiencies in emergency planning and self-protection.


musculoskeletal disorders (repetitive motion, muscle-voice overhead ,...)
Sprains, hernias, muscle aches, back pain, musculoskeletal pain, problems in the neck, ... In all the national and regional surveys on working conditions, these conditions are at the top among the diseases that show the people surveyed. Jobs traditionally associated with "hard" "Repetitive" or "heavy", combined with other risks, are shaped so many times before an acute overexertion. But in many sectors, such as the one at hand, they manifest over time slowly and gradually. Consider the physical effort normally carried out by junior employees of schools in some of its tasks, the movements are repetitive throughout his professional life Childhood Education teachers to catch up for children aged three and four years, the work of educators that are tailored to the needs of pupils with special educational needs, helping with transportation, food, grooming, bowel and bladder control, school activities, ... (Andrew Pierce and Llorca, 2003), the overhead and recurring muscle activity of the faculty of physical education throughout their working hours and professional life. These are just some examples that highlight risks and maintaining awkward postures, movements or muscle overload and repetitive strain. In schools it is necessary to prevention through a new organization of work that addresses the adequacy of the periods task-force-long pauses, the cast and share burdens and tasks, etc., An adaptation of the jobs changing the furniture ergonomically de forma que permita la realización de posturas correctas y sin riesgo en cualquier dependencia del centro, evitando así posturas forzadas; el diseño y construcción de los espacios de los centros educativos desde criterios preventivos y ergonómicos, pensando en lugares para la relajación, la coordinación y la programación, el encuentro interpersonal y el descanso; favoreciendo medios mecánicos para los desplazamientos de cargas y de personas (grúas, ascensores, carga y descarga del autobús de alumnado con necesidades,…); dando formación a las personas adultas e insertándolas curricularmente con el alumnado, para la prevención de las dolencias musculoesqueléticas; diseñando y putting in place affirmative action to women working in education, to avoid the overhead of double or triple shifts to them.


Anxiety and Stress (complexity, workload ,...)
is known that psychosocial risk factors at work and the time spent in the workplace can bring up the becoming chronic stress and the consequent damage to health. It is no longer possible to hide the role of stress and other mental disorders among the causes of sick leave among teachers, but from union areas continue to call repeatedly to amend cataloging system and collection of low to have a more direct way to relate these conditions to the situations of teaching and professional activities in order to plan and carry out preventive actions.

from different conceptual frameworks are today identified as key risks in the education sector heavy psychological demands posed by the performance of the teaching task, lack of social support that this work receives and expresses the imbalance between the effort put many professionals and low compensation they receive.

Beyond the old fallacy of prevention focus on individual differences in coping among whom we work, situations of health risk are dangerous in themselves, regardless of the complexity that they can bring the uniqueness of individuals. As noted Artazcoz (2003), among smokers get cancer and some other not, and would question why the risk of this habit. Prevention should be aimed at eliminating or minimizing risk situations that increase stress and anxiety among the teachers: hostile physical environments (noise levels that promote concentration and reduce anxiety, inappropriate temperatures in the classroom, reflections on blackboards, whiteboards hazardous fluorescent flicker, poor ventilation in classrooms, inadequate furniture, ...) existence of an organization working with pathogens spaces (multi-purpose teaching rooms out of places to rest, gathering and preparing for classes), increased demands on social and emotional system of teachers with increased load work of each teacher (teaching hours, number of students per classroom, number of charge groups, complexity of the student, the student unrest, lack of expertise and support, irrational times, lack of administrative staff at all educational levels, lack of meeting time for teaching teams, lack of real pause time, ...) lack of social support to the teaching (no support from peers and superiors, lack of support from families and society, inadequate management of conflicts, lack of cooperation from families, lack of participation of groups in the educational community, inadequate management of interpersonal coexistence and leadership in groups, etc.).


Workplace Violence (bullying, aggression and peer users ,...)
recently have been aware of workplace violence situations where the users of education, as students or in some cases their families, workers have been involved with teaching and non teaching episodes of physical violence or verbal threats and intimidation vexatious impinging on mu-chas occasions in public and workplace itself, the moral authority of the worker and risk their physical integrity. They are also known bullying situations to workers and education workers. Sometimes individuals are particularly keen due to abuse and dominance behaviors in others by a lack of leadership and management of conflicts adequate and in others by the presence of groups facing conflict escalating to ending violence directed at a victim. Also bullying, although it is an occupational hazard, it is evident in the school setting through role models, relationship and abuse of power, prevention and treatment which require workers to demonstrate teaching and being custodians of values \u200b\u200bopposed to domination, submission and abuse. Finally, we also want to mention only those organizational forms that allow violence to happen.

prevention means reinforcing links users with the same system, increase the social value of education workers in society (institutional campaigns to raise awareness and strengthen the work of education workers) and encourage spaces for coexistence (joint activities and co-knowledge), training (Schools, parents, schools prevention), the resolution of conflicts (models of conflict management, mediation, social and school) and sharing among users of the system and workers (school and district councils), designing protocols performance against bullying and school and implementing educational measures in families and in schools which find that violence can never be the solution to problems.

All identified risks posed to the Confederation of STEs-I a breeding ground in work environments that directly and adversely affect the working conditions of workers of education. These, en el desempeño de su tarea, se enfrentan a situaciones que deben ser identificadas, evaluados sus riesgos y establecidos los planes de prevención, que eviten que al cabo sucedan los accidentes laborales y se produzcan enfermedades profesionales que, todavía hoy, no les son reconocidas.


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Risk assessment is the first step

La evaluación de riesgos es el primer paso

La evaluación de riesgos es la base del proceso de gestión de riesgos. Permite a las empresas determinar qué medidas deben adoptar para mejorar la salud y la seguridad en el trabajo, además de la productividad.

La Agencia Europea para la Seguridad y la Salud en el Trabajo (EU-OSHA) ha creado a Europe-wide campaign focusing on risk assessment. The campaign is especially aimed at small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in high-risk sectors.

Since the adoption of the European Framework Directive in 1989, the risk assessment has become a familiar concept in the field of organization of prevention work, and hundreds of thousands of companies across Europe to assess risks regularly.

However, the figures for accidents and illnesses shows that improvements are needed. Each year, millions of people in the EU suffer injuries or serious damage to your health.

• Every three and a half minutes, somebody dies in the EU for work-related causes. This means that nearly 167,000 deaths occur annually due to occupational accidents (7,500) or occupational diseases (159,500).

• Every four and a half seconds, an EU worker suffers an accident that forces him to stay home at least three working days. The number of accidents at work causing a drop in three days or more is enormous, more than 7 million annually.

Moreover, diseases and accidents are costly .

• The human cost for workers and their families: after these statistics are real people, each with its own history.

• The cost for organizations: when something goes wrong at work affects business productivity, accidents and diseases originate expenses, increased rates of sick leave and turnover, and the template is less motivated.

• The cost to the government: accidents and diseases place a huge burden to the healthcare system.

A proper risk assessment offers advantages to the company :

• Creating safe working conditions enables companies to cut costs arising from accidents and illnesses. • An assessment

appropriate risk contributes to decreased rates of sick leave and reduce insurance premiums by having fewer claims.

• A motivated workforce is more productive and efficient, and reduces staff turnover rates. All this helps the company more competitive.

Risk assessment: the key to healthy workplaces

Risk assessment is the basis of the European approach to occupational safety and health at work and there are good reasons for this. If not assessed the risks are addressed adequately, can not start a management process suitable for them and not may take appropriate preventive measures. Therefore, a systematic risk assessment improves the safety and health at work and the overall performance of the company.

Risk assessment is the process of evaluating the risks to health and safety of workers arising from hazards in the workplace. Is a systematic examination of all aspects of work that:

• what could cause injury or damage,

• if possible eliminate hazards and, if not the case,

• what preventive and protective taken, or should be, to control risks.

When determining risk, the first thing to think about is whether it is possible to eliminate risk. Otherwise, the risks must be controlled.

Healthy Workplaces: Good for you. Good for business. A European campaign on Risk Assessment




Context In 2004, he published a European Commission Communication on the implementation of the Framework Directive 89/391 and its five individual policies. It emphasized the need to spread the task of risk assessment. It also emphasized the need to improve implementation and la calidad de la evaluación de riesgos.

• Las tareas de evaluación de riesgos, documentación y supervisión no están universalmente extendidas, incluso en Estados miembros con una tradición basada en la prevención.

• La evaluación de riesgos se considera a menudo una medida "de una sola vez" y no se hace de manera continuada.

• Los riesgos no se analizan ni se evalúan colectivamente. Por tanto, se adoptan medidas independientes, pero no existe un enfoque integral para el examen de las condiciones en el lugar de trabajo.

• En las evaluaciones de riesgos superficiales, la atención se centra en determinar los riesgos evidentes e inmediatos and forget the long-term effects such as those caused by chemical substances.

• Psychosocial risks and factors related to work organization are rarely taken into account in risk assessment.

• Companies not properly monitor the effectiveness of measures taken.



Campaign objectives

Risk assessment can be challenging, especially for small and medium enterprises, but need not be so. The objectives of the campaign on risk assessment are:

• Raise awareness legal responsibility and the importance and practical need to assess risks in the workplace. Risk assessment is not an end in itself but a powerful tool to determine the need for preventive measures.

Demystifying the process and demonstrate, especially to SMEs, that risk assessment need not be complicated, bureaucratic or expert.

Promote five-step approach to risk assessment (see below).

Encouraging companies to make their own assessment of risks, if they have competent personnel in the workplace.

• Emphasize that risk assessment is a continuous process and not an obligation once.

• Highlight the fact that quality counts (and it is important to document, monitor and review the risk assessment).

• Promote participatory risk assessment, involving everyone in the workplace risk assessment.

promote good practices, which are portable and help to facilitate the process.

course, the ultimate goal is to help reduce the number of people who are injured or damage their health, now and in the future.

The five-step approach
For most companies, a simple five-step approach to risk assessment is appropriate. However, there are other equally effective methods, especially if there are circumstances and more complex risks.

Step 1: Identify the hazards and those at risk
examine what might cause damage to the work environment and determine which workers may be exposed to these dangers.

Step 2: Assess risks and prioritizing them
assess the risks (severity, probability, etc.) And prioritize in order of importance. It is essential to prioritize the work necessary to eliminate and prevent risks.

Step 3: Deciding on preventive measures necessary
determine appropriate measures to eliminate or control risks.

Step 4: Taking action
Adopt prevention and protection with a prioritization plan (probably can not solve all problems immediately) and specify who does what and when, when to completed a task and the resources for implementation practical measures.

Step 5: Monitoring and Evaluation
review periodically reviewed to ensure it remains relevant. Be revised when major changes occur in the organization or as a result of the inspection results of an accident or incident. "



Campaign Strategy

With the campaign on Risk Assessment (2008-2009), EU-OSHA embarks first in a series of two-year campaign . The purpose of this change is to make campaigns to achieve more effectively the objectives of the Community Strategy Health and Safety at Work 2007-2012.

Extend the period of the European Week campaign two years provides more time for preparation and monitoring, and planning the campaign strategy and the commissioning of new material, translation, production and distribution.

The success of the campaign depends on the support and collaboration of a wide range of stakeholders and partners, which include the focal points of EU-OSHA, which are often the health organizations and national security Member States. Therefore, the new model is a campaign based on contacts. This gives more time to follow up, especially the promotion of good practice and to build more partnerships.

The campaign is also designed to involve a broad range of companies and organizations in spreading the message to their suppliers, contractors and neighbors and encourage them to participate. A particularly large companies are interested in helping the smaller ones in their supply chain and collaborate by sharing their experiences and knowledge.

The campaign has the support of the Slovenian EU presidencies in 2008 and French and Czech and Swedish in 2009, the European Parliament, the European Commission and the European social partners.


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Preventing MSDs in the professional group

Preventing MSDs in the professional group of geriatric assistants

seniors residences accommodate those elderly men and women whose personal and family circumstances (eg not to have a sufficient degree of autonomy to perform activities of daily living) requiring replacement of the home.

Often, these centers are a landmark in the neighborhood environment where they are located. The organization of homes for older people is based on a coexistence model, which combines various activities to promote personal autonomy of residents and relationships between them and their environment. The above model gives greater weight to those services, followed by other health activities, preventive and rehabilitative.

direct care professionals carry out much of these activities. In this group, labor groups and health assistants geriatric assistants perform most tasks considered most at risk of injury to the musculoskeletal system, according to specialized research.

call musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) to all painful conditions of muscles, tendons and nerves. The causes of the diseases are different, but related work especially with repetitive movements and awkward postures. The pain occurs during the development of work activity and is often maintained during rest periods.

Here is a classification of activity-related MSDs care:

• Inflammation of tendons and muscles:
- Tendinitis.
- Bursitis.

• Deterioration of cartilage and bone:
- Some osteoarthritis.
- Problems column.
- nerve compression problems such as carpal tunnel syndrome.

Studies by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work shows that the sector professional health and social care have the second highest incidence rate of MSDs, second only to the construction 1.

The Sixth National Survey on Working Conditions (ENCT), drawn from a representative sample of the working population in the English State in 2006 has the following objectives:

• A 74.2% of workers surveyed expressed discomfort in areas of body postures and efforts attributed to the workplace.

• Of the respondents, the group says most complaints in this regard is the health sector (80.7% expressed discomfort type musculoskeletal). It may be recalled that within this sector include medical assistants, geriatric and home).

• The discomfort that occur most frequently are located in the lower back (40%), neck-neck (27%) and upper back (26.6%).

• Again, the medical staff who expressed greater discomfort in the neck-neck area (40.7% of respondents in the sector) 2 .

public nursing homes in Catalonia, the group of geriatric assistants more than 60% of workers. They are also the most frequently affected: the total accidents Low reported by public housing, the 49.48% were geriatric aides. Most low-accident releases of this group gave the cause of the accident physical overexertion (a 63.89%) 3 .

The literature refers to the combination of different factors to determine the causes MSDs can motivate professionals in direct care nursing homes.

Factors associated with the practice of the profession

manual mobilization of people (MMP) such as:

• Transfers, mobilization and repositioning of people bedridden or sitting.

• Personal hygiene of bedridden people in their own room (changing diapers, cleaning the bathtub geriatric, etc.) Or in the bathroom (toilet hygiene in the bathroom chair or booth, etc.).

• Feeding people seated or in bed.

• Follow the walking of people who can walk. Other

gerocultura related tasks: making beds, occupied or not, moving cars of clothing, food, medicines, wheelchairs carrying, transporting and handling other geriatric bath aids.

The MMP includes the following "stressors Ergonomic "

• Physical exertion, which is the force required to hold a job or to maintain control over the equipment and tools. In this sense, maintaining control of people might result in overuse in the case of reacting to sudden movements or falls by residents. The movement geriatric aide done to prevent falls or to hold an elderly usually implemented quickly and at little or no appropriate positions, so the risk of injury increases significantly.

• Repetitions: Perform the same series of moves continuously and frequently. The work of assistant geriatrics is full of small movements repeated throughout the day.

• Postural problems: the performance of postures that stress the body, especially the forced movement of the back, push the limits of protection and redress mechanisms. For example, charging back while carrying a wheelchair, is made hygiene an old man, makes his bed, or make turns forced back while moving a resident.

Factors related to work organization

Studies of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work shows that certain working conditions act the individual from the psychosomatic point of view and may intensify symptoms of MSDs 4 . Some of these working conditions are:

• Pace of work: the higher the pace of work in health care settings, the greater the risk of back injury. Working with haste means more speed work and not respecting the established protocols for moving patients.

• Exercise monotonous and repetitive, specialized studies show that the work monotonous or repetitive strain accumulate more mental work. An example: the trapezius muscle, located on both sides of the rear neck, used to suffer the effects of psychological stress (hardens, it becomes painful to the touch, etc.).. If we add the repetitiveness of the speed, the perception of physical fatigue increased significantly.

• Limited flexibility in working hours: this is a condition closely related to autonomy in the workplace and the ability to organize tasks. It is scientifically proven that the posts with strict working hours, with little possibility of organizing the holiday periods (vacation, personal business, freely available) is a major source of stress.

• Types of schemes wage means the wage compensation is one of the most important work. If one concludes that is not worth the effort for work, fall into a negative perception of job satisfaction, psychosocial risk factor. Psychosocial factors

Although no scientific proof of the relationship between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular diseases is not so clear connection between them and the risk of injury to the musculoskeletal system. Nonetheless, there are studies that correlate certain aspects psychosocial disturbances musculoskeletal system. Can be summarized as following:

• Job satisfaction: the unsatisfied with the work they do show a higher risk of suffering from stress-related diseases than those who were satisfied. Dissatisfaction can lead to disregard for the risk taken, no use of mobilization techniques right, more muscle tension, etc.

• Social support at work, poor industrial relations impede communication between coworkers and are a major source of stress.

• Control of working time, closely related to the lack of flexibility in working hours. The worker or the worker can not establish self control of working time, because it depends on external factors (hours of breakfast, baths, walks, etc..). Individual factors

• Age: This factor is very close to the years during which a person develops the same job. For example, the reported accidents at work with low public residences for the elderly received during the year 2006, the highest number is for workers aged between 36 and 45 years (36.05%) and 46 - 55 (39.53%) 5 .

• Gender: studies conducted by institutions and agencies internationally renowned show that women suffer more injuries than men in the musculoskeletal system. But the scientific explanation is not too obvious. According to traditional models, referred to biological differences in the dimensions, muscle strength and aerobic capacity of women to men. Recently, these differences have been added to psychosocial variables, such as the double presence of women at work and at home, the distribution of the labor market (in this case, the percentage of women is geriatric assistants 98%) and the most obvious reaction of women to a harmful work environment or just favorable.

• Training and knowledge prior to the exercise of the task: if a person does not know the techniques of mobilization, will do as well as you know but this does not guarantee that you do it properly. In this sense, provide a complete and thorough training staff has to perform manual mobilizations of people is essential to reduce the number of back injuries. On the other hand, workers with the skills to mobilize people in general suffer less injury, or they are less severe and occur much later in time than people who know these techniques.

• Physical form: enjoy strong muscles is very important to meet the demands caused by the manual movement of people. When it exceeds the tolerance of the structures of the back, they become more susceptible to musculoskeletal injuries. In this sense, maintaining a correct healthy posture when carrying out the manual movement of people is important because, although it does not prevent back injuries, it does delay its onset. Notwithstanding
said, must take into account the genetic component, as each person, regardless of other factors (such as age and gender) has a different quality muscles.

To prevent the impact of MSDs, it is first necessary to evaluate jobs with adequate and reliable methodology. You must then switch to preventive intervention. This, in the case of those geriatric assistants, should combine the ergonomic and psychosocial aspects. In this sense, the procedure can be performed at three levels:

• Development of the task: modify your exercise to reduce awkward postures, preventing fatigue, etc.

• Location and work environment: improving the equipment and tools, such as providing technical support for the mobilization and transfer, replacing the traditional beds beds with motor, etc..

• Work organization: shifts, breaks, hierarchical structure, etc.
also highlight the importance of health checkups or periodic medical examinations and the existence of active channels for staff participation in decisions that are made about the organization of work and the distribution of tasks in schools.
Finally, technical training of staff is presented as an important ally in the Occupational Health and Safety, not only in initial training before starting a job, but in session "booster" and especially periodic training related skills the job. This is what we call "integrated training" 6 . Integrated training

promotes integrated learning practices incorporating prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in the technical training for any of the methods used today. These practices include three blocks of content:

Transmission of the importance of daily postural hygiene in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders

postural hygiene and ergonomics are effective in preventing back pain because they have the order to reduce the burden of this body part support during activities of daily living.

A activity may be taking different positions. Postural hygiene and ergonomics taught to do all sorts of activities more secure and less cumbersome for the back. Both handling charges (MMC) and the manipulation of people (MMP) require the observation of a number of basic rules to the exercise is to get the most out of the body with minimal effort.
standards listed below are based on the laws of mechanical movement of the human musculoskeletal system (laws of biomechanics), and apply equally to activities developed during our business hours and in everyday life:

• Keep your back straight (correct use of the column.)

• Having a good base of support (feet apart, one in the direction of movement).

• Make the effort with the leg strength (bending) and the inertia of the body.

• Mobilize the load close to body (center of gravity).

• Do not make money from the trunk, but the pelvic tilt (move your hips to move a linear load).

The implementation of protocols that include good hygiene practices postural

The most common operations in the homes of older people fall into two areas:

• Transfers.

• Volunteer 7.

Transfers and demonstrations are those acts performed by professionals on old people's homes residents:

• The relocation of the resident from one place to another, so that it carries out activities of daily living ( get out of bed, sit in a chair, go the bathroom) and can not do alone because of their disability or dependency.

• Postural changes, movements which purpose is to allow priests in the resident's body found in bed, or put on and remove objects under the body of the person in bed: sheets, wedges, diapers, etc.

• Assisting residents to get off the ground when falling or rising from a chair.

• The flare, or action of placing the resident in a good position: if you have slipped into bed and has gone head to toe, or if, being seated, has slipped to be in the seat edge risk of falling.

• The accompaniment to walking, professional operation ranks among the activities "Verticalization" and that is to render assistance to walk to the resident, so it has a clear perception of ease, safety, dignity and relative independence.

are operations that are performed daily in residential centers. For geriatric care professionals is, first, a high repetition of movement (it can get repetitive over a hundred a day), and secondly, the continued maintenance of awkward postures. Both factors, taken together, are responsible for most injuries from overexertion.

Based on logical principles study of human biomechanics and the care and rehabilitative techniques existing standardized protocols constitute the proceedings of each transfer or mobilization. The purpose of processing is:

• Avoid, as far as possible, awkward postures.

• Minimize the impact of repetitive movements. • Saving

physical effort.

• Encourage communication-resident worker.

• Make the transfer or movement is a movement as normal as possible for the resident.

These operations are conducted with people whose dependence medium or low. The determination of the degree of dependence is given by the level of assistance required: people with low dependence require some incentive to walk, stand, etc.. But do not require the physical assistance of auxiliary geriatric at a rate above 25% . People with mean dependence, also called partially assisted, requiring physical assistance percentage ranging between 25 and 50%. This depends on the degree of cooperation (voluntary or otherwise) in the mobilization or transfer.

Training in the use of technical aids

Technical aids are instruments (devices, equipment) that allow the users or residents performing daily activities that otherwise would be very difficult to execute. In the homes of older people, assistive devices are an important instrument to facilitate the daily tasks of direct care staff.

Keep in mind that technical aids are valid for certain types of assistance and specific types of users. Whenever possible, should be encouraged by the mobility of the resident, and promoting independence, but in those cases where professionals (physiotherapist, doctor, occupational therapist) indicates, it is necessary to use assistive technologies. Generally, they are indicated in the following cases:

• uncooperative residents, especially those who can not work with the / the auxiliary. Where not want to collaborate, should be encouraged to maximize their cooperation, but not to incur risk of injury, it is better to resort to some form of technical assistance.

• Residents with mobility problems, such as Parkinson's, arthritis, hemiplegia, etc.

• Large demonstrations: bariatric persons, bedridden persons, etc.

The most common assistive devices for the mobilization and transfer are the cranes. It may sometimes seem to move residents to walk or chair wheel is faster than doing it in crane, but if he or the assistant is trained in its use, will soon notice that it is less tiring and your back does not suffer the exertion to which it is subjected.

Currently, the cranes of the old people's homes are mobile (with wheels), electric (with battery) and have a variable number of accessories (straps, harnesses) suitable for different uses.

transfers and demonstrations for using two types of cranes, lifting and standing. Conclusions

As seen throughout the preceding pages, to address the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in the group of geriatric assistants, requires an impact on various factors related to the workplace.

Achieving this objective involves the implementation of actions that require the involvement of several institutions and agents related to the job. The makers of residential institutions (public or private), public administration, from the point of view and preventive work, social partners and, of course, the affected community itself must actively work together to achieve, by design appropriate strategies, reducing the impact of musculoskeletal disorders in this group and thus contribute to improving their quality of life.


1 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2001): "Best practices in online health and safety for the health care sector", FACTS, no. 29 ( http://osha.europa.eu ).

2 Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health at Work (2007): VI National Survey of Working Conditions, www.mtas.es / Insh / survey

3 The data kindly provided by the Department of Occupational Health and Safety the Department of Social Action and Citizenship, for the year 2006.

4 Refer http://osha.europa.eu/topics/msd

5 Source: Service Occupational Health and Safety at the Department of Social Action and Citizenship (Generalitat de Catalunya).

6 L. Simó-C. Perez: "Strategies training for preventing the risk of musculoskeletal injury in the group of geriatric assistants, occupational hazard. Journal of occupational risk prevention, No. 19 (November 2007), pp.28-33.

7 See L. Simó et alia: per Manual to prevention of musculoskeletal injuries risc of Senior Citizens in residences. Protocol of transferències i mobilitzacions (Department of Social Action and Citizenship, Barcelona, \u200b\u200b2007), which collects, graphically and abundance of examples, the protocols for most common operations in nursing homes.
Simó M ª Lourdes Governors
Responsible Service Department Vicepresidència

PRL (Generalitat de Catalunya)

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Deffinition Of Relative Bradycardia

geriatric assistants Occupational Hazards in pregnant women

Occupational Hazards in pregnant women

Pregnancy is not a disease but a biological state that women behave in important physical and psychological changes making it especially sensitive to a series of risks that may occur within the workplace.

rights to health and the protection of pregnant workers against risks that may arise in the workplace are reflected in various regulations (Council Directive 92/85/EEC, ...).

Prevention Act Occupational Hazard considered particularly sensitive to workers who are pregnant or breastfeeding, therefore, be extreme during this period, the adjustment of all existing preventive measures, so that working conditions are appropriate.


risk factors in pregnancy
The risks and risk factors in pregnant women may result from exposure to chemical, physical, biological, or ergonomic factors, psychosocial and / or other types .

The following are risk factors that can affect pregnant women: Chemicals


As regards the chemical, it is clear that the exposure limits are set for an adult worker in the work environment and therefore must be drawn to women who work with hazardous substances on Additional risks that these pose to a fetus or infant.

Chemical agents may enter the human body by different routes: inhalation, ingestion, or dermal penetration.

The following are chemicals that can endanger the health of pregnant women and unborn children:

Those whose labels contain the following "R" risk. Are listed in Directive 67/548/EEC and are labeled with the following statements:

• R40: Possible risk of irreversible effects.
• R45: May cause cancer.
• R46: May cause heritable genetic damage.
• R47: May cause birth defects.
• R49: May cause cancer by inhalation.
• R60: May impair fertility.
• R61: Risk of defects during pregnancy harm to the fetus.
• R62: Possible risk of impaired fertility.
• R63: Possible risk of harm to the fetus.
• R64: May cause damage to newly breast-fed baby.
• R68: Possible risk of irreversible effects.

Antifungal drugs: They can alter the genetic information in sperm and ova, and some can cause cancer. Absorption is by inhalation or through skin.

hazardous chemical agents penetrate the skin: including pesticides and solvents and other substances.

Others like carbon monoxide, lead and its derivatives. Physical Agents


be regarded as agents causing harm to the fetus or placental abruption.

• Ionizing Radiation: Exposure to X-rays and gamma rays carry risks to the fetus. Radioactive contamination inhaled or ingested by the mother and transferred to milk.

• Non-ionizing radiation: The electromagnetic exposure, shortwave, plastic welding, curing of adhesives, may increase the risk to the fetus and the pregnant.

• Noise: No value should exceed 80 LAeq dB (A), with peak level of 135 dB (C). Mother's use of personal protective equipment is not a protection for the fetus.

• Temperature extremes: They should not be exposed to excessive heat or cold, or sudden temperature changes because they can negative consequences for pregnancy and lactation.

• Vibration or shock: Prolonged exposure to vibration can cause premature delivery or low birth weight. The knocks can cause abortion. Biological agents


Classification of biological agents according to risk:

• Group 1 biological agent, the agent is unlikely to cause human disease.

• Biological agent group 2: one that can cause disease in humans and may pose a hazard to workers, is unlikely to spread to the community. Prophylaxis or effective treatment.

• Group 3 biological agent: An agent that can cause severe human disease and presents a serious hazard to workers, there is a risk of spreading to the community. Prophylaxis or effective treatment.

• Group 4 biological agent: An agent that causes severe disease in humans and poses a serious hazard to workers, there are very likely to spread to the community. There is usually no effective prophylaxis or treatment.

agents in groups 2, 3 and 4 can affect the fetus if the mother is infected during pregnancy.

• Virus:
- Hepatitis.
- Varizela-zoster.
- Measles.
- Rubella.
- Mumps.
- Cytomegalovirus.
- Other Agencies.

In some cases the worker can be protected against infection (past disease or vaccination).


Psychosocial and ergonomic shift work, night work and long working hours, may increase the risks of stress in pregnant women.

• Working alone: \u200b\u200bThey are more at risk than others or if they need urgent medical attention.

work demands (work overload, tax rates ...), produces mental and physical fatigue.

• Manual handling of loads: Risk of fetal injury, premature delivery and some discomfort in the breast-feeding. Postural

, static and transport: problems may arise at different stages of pregnancy. May contribute to vascular disorders and conditions of ligaments.

Other
• Working at height: The use of platforms and stairs can be dangerous for pregnant workers.

kidney infection risk as a result of inadequate hygiene facilities.

Absence of rest.

Hazard due to inappropriate.



Action Protocol should proceed to a specific risk assessment after learning that an employee is pregnant and take the necessary measures to avoid any statement that may harm your health or your baby during pregnancy.

Protocol action upon notification of pregnancy by the worker includes:

• Identify hazards: those relating to physical, chemical and biological as well as working conditions in general.

• Identify exposed workers, this can present intractable difficulties, both because the woman herself may not know that she is pregnant in the first few weeks, as a reluctance to inform the employer.

• quantitative and qualitative assessment of risks, should be performed by qualified personnel taking into account the information provided by the worker or his advisers, and that risks may vary depending on whether the employee is pregnant, has given recent birth or are breastfeeding.

The risks identified should be subjected to a detailed information both for the workers concerned and to all the workers and their representatives, should take steps to eliminate or reduce them.

From the moment you detect such risks, the employer should warn women about the importance of early detection of possible pregnancy.


Preventive Hygienic
Postural
• No contact with toxic substances, radiation or germs.

• Do not climb stairs.

• Do not reach objects on high shelves.

• Do not work excessive hours sitting at a table.

• Do not take things off the ground.

• Do not stand.

• Use proper posture in the management of weights and household tasks (ironing, carrying groceries, mopping, etc.)..

• Teach people to adopt a correct posture and avoid awkward postures or extreme to perform the task and teach a handle loads correctly.

• You should eat healthy and balanced and try not to overdo the weight.

• No smoking.

Organizational and job design
is necessary to adapt the job to the person, especially in the case of pregnant women in which there are large changes in space requirements, scope, position change, etc..

should eliminate or reduce as far as possible the workload.

have to decrease the time of exposure to heavy work and increase the number of breaks.

is recommended that pregnant women can change positions frequently.

If the person has distributed the tasks in different jobs or floors in a building, try to locate, if possible, all tasks in one plant and place, avoiding unnecessary travel.

must inform employees of potential risk factors pertaining to their jobs.

should be informed of the legal measures exist which can accommodate pregnant women. Since

work and night shift is an aggravation of the workload, we recommend the reduction or even suppression of the same, if necessary.

Information and training
The workers must be trained and more information about the specific risks that affect their activity and the prevention and protection.




Saturday, August 22, 2009

Bupropion Entocort Ec

INJURY WORK HAND IN HEIGHT

INJURY IN THE HANDS

Our hands are the most valuable tool for daily work and a link between us and the environment. In work injuries, upper extremity and more specifically the hand, is a high incidence of injuries because the vast majority of tasks pass through our hands and as a result, is the location where they settle most accident if one third of occupational injuries, fourth part of sick leave and a fifth of disability (1).

Due to the morbidity (damage) that this type of injury and expense involved to companies is fundamental reason to know and prevent trauma to the hands.

injury rates

According to published works, and our experience shows that work-related injuries affect more young men -The average age of patients with hand injuries is 33 years, being the most common mechanisms of injury hyperextension (20%), cutting with sharp objects (15%), falls (12%) and hitting with an object (10%). The mechanism of injury that determines admission to the hospital includes an object contusions (20%), road traffic injuries (19%), fall (20%) and machinery (15%).

hand injury in an average of 20 days off work, these figures vary depending on the lesion produced.


Figure 1 - A and B) fingertip injury with loss of part distal finger. C) on the back of his hand injury with loss of substance.

From a clinical standpoint, with the highest incidence of injuries in emergency departments are the cuts, fractures, pinched or crushed by machinery in the distal fingers (Fig. 1).

The condition causes these injuries are related to the type of work performed. The causes are as diverse as the instruments used in work activities so that no profession is exempt from industrial accidents, with adequate instruction in the prevention of occupational hazards optimal health measure to avoid them. Often The woodworkers have various injuries to tell and some boast of their history.

The mechanism of injury is determined by the instruments used in work activity, hence, as the material is used for cutting saws and shears, will lead incised wounds of varying depth depending on the intensity of the cut. The machine that uses gears to operate and causes avulsion fractures associated and presses cause serious crush injuries to members. It is therefore particularly important to know the mechanism of injury and type of instrumental cause, as prognostic factors in treatment and patient outcomes.


Figure 2. A and B) Amputation of arm at level of proximal humerus .. C) Replantation member during suturing of the injured structures and plate fixation of humeral fractures.

Different suffered hand injuries in the workplace are classified as incised wounds, contusions and incised, contused. The most important parameters to evaluate this type of injury is the time elapsed since the injury, the environment in which it was made, the presence of associated injuries and the instrumental cause of the injury.

While all these parameters make the prognosis of the injury are the time and cause of the injury the most relevant. On the first point, the time sets the standard to follow. In incised wounds with more than 6 hours after onset is not performed by primary closure considered contaminated and must be closed by secondary intention, ie a few days. Tissues can be maintained without movement (the case of amputation) about 6 hours in proximal regions of the upper (warm ischemia time) and up to 12 hours if kept in cold tissue (cold ischemia time). In the case of the fingers, these times increase at 12 hours (warm ischemia time) and up to 24 hours of cold ischemia time. If we respect these shown it is possible reimplantation of the tissue, as seen in Figure 2.

fractures of the distal radius (wrist) are high-impact injuries in the workplace lesions associating with neighboring structures, especially in young patients where the trauma is usually high energy level. There are three types of injury associated: 1) fracture of the carpal bones, 2) carpal ligament injuries and 3) soft tissue injury (2).


Figure 3: Injury grouting under high pressure into the hand of a worker.

special mention for his severity is injury produced by high pressure systems, such as cement and painting, as the high energy that penetrate the tissues and the time when the material is in contact, are risk factors for necrosis of these (3) .


Figure 4. Hand amputation at the metacarpal. Thumb was revascularized and continues with long fingers, it can be seen on radiographs of bone fixation in replantation- this


Treatment Treatment varies depending on the type of injury, being necessary to meet the following basic guidelines to prevent infections and various complications: assessing injury or concomitant injuries of vessels or nerves, thorough cleaning with saline solution the focus of injury and antibiotic coverage, in case of fracture fixation and primary closure in the case of incised injury, repair of vascular structures, nerve or tendon and get a proper skin coverage.

regarding replantation treatment is to apply all the concepts mentioned above in a single surgical procedure to obtain a therapeutic success given the complexity of the injury, which combine in many cases tendon injuries, vascular, bone and soft tissue. Prevention


Given the high incidence of hand injuries, prevention of occupational risks is an essential element to reduce the high accident rate at work. Prevention must be made from various areas, beginning with maintaining a proper job title and instruments and have security systems appropriate passive and active.

instruction on the proper use of hands at work, the appropriateness of the activity of the worker to their physical and mental health and training in security measures are measures essential to reduce the incidence of accidents.

Several studies reviewed, we note the existence of factors in workplace accidents. The low level of experience work, work stress, low security measures, the age of 33, job dissatisfaction, changes in sleep, smoking and / or consume alcoholic beverages during working hours and level of physical activity are factors that determine the occurrence of injuries in the workplace (4.5).

is therefore particularly important to take measures to reduce the incidence of these injuries and the most effective is training in risk prevention. Bibliography


1 Marty J, Porcher B, Autissier R. "Hand Injuries and occupational accidents. Statistics and prevention." Ann Chir Main. 1983;2(4):368-70.
2 García-Elías M. "Lesiones asociadas a las fracturas de la extremidad distal del radio. Patología del aparato locomotor, 2007; 5 Supl. II: 22-25".
3 Wong TC. "High-pressure injection injuries of the hand in a chinese population". Journal of Hand surgery 30B: 6:588-592.
4 Kumar Ghosh A. "Relationships of working conditions and individual characteristics to occupational injuries: A case-control study in coal miners".
5 Chau N, Mur JM, Benamghar L, Siegfried C, Dangelzer JL, Français M, Jacquin R, Sourdot A. "Relationships between certain individual characteristics and occupational injuries for various jobs in the construction industry: a case-control study. Am J Ind Med 2004 Jan; 45 (1) :84-92.

Dr. Santiago Amillo, Apt. Of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology of the University Clinic of Navarra, and Dr. Luis M ª Romero, Apt. Orthopaedic Surgery Traumatology of the University Clinic of Navarra

Maytag Quiest Series 400 Flashing L



UPPER WORKS

Industrial accidents affect the productivity of the company and it seems that employers are not aware of the costs of workplace accidents in their income statements.

If we consider the data offered by the statistics, falls from height are one of the main problems with which we face in the world of job security. Are the leading cause of death by accident in Spain, if we do not consider accidents 'in itinere', while making nearly 10% of accidents with low, ranking fourth among the causes that produce the greatest number of accidents.

bottom line is that the company evaluate the risks and take preventive measures.

safety in any work activity, past the proper work procedure and specific training of workers for each situation.

few minutes to start a job can be, according to what we are engaged in, a waste of time or a standard of conduct helpful. If you are dedicated to analyzing, if all you need is right and all "necessary" are in place and ready to start work, will be an excellent standard of prevention.

We begin this reflection with particular attention to the principles of preventive action, as enshrined in Article 15 of the LPRL, this is a good start. Check


Once we have verified that the risks are unavoidable and we have evaluated the risk, determine the most appropriate type of protection, taking measures that put the collective over individual protection. This choice is we value the number de personas involucradas, la duración de la intervención y la frecuencia con la que la realicemos. Como norma general podemos tomar como referencia que cuando hay muchas personas involucradas, la duración de la intervención es larga o la frecuencia de la realización de los trabajos es grande, entonces nos esforzaremos en adoptar protecciones colectivas; por el contrario, si las personas involucradas son pocas, la duración de la intervención es corta o la frecuencia es pequeña, entonces es justificable la adopción de protecciones individuales con personal debidamente formado para la operación a realizar.

Este análisis es orientativo y no vinculante; en la gran mayoría de los casos la protección consists of optimal collective protection associated with personal protection and training of workers. We consider in this section that overprotection is in itself an added risk, so that protection should be fair and appropriate.

Using personal protection


The next step is to take proper control of access to risk areas, restricting access to them to unauthorized persons, handling procedures for access permissions and allowing access only properly trained and accredited.
perfectly sealed off the work area and access to it, properly signposted with whatever measures are necessary: \u200b\u200bsafety colors, signs in the form of panel, light signals, sound and gestural and, of course, adequate and clear verbal communication.

The following rule to adopt is to never lose sight of the three main points of the chain of security protection: make sure that the understanding of the body (safety harness), the union and fall arrest anchor point fit circumstances.

have to re-emphasize that staff must be properly trained for the purpose of proper use of the solution.

The understanding of the body is made with a fall arrest harness as the standard CE EN361 certified or harness type of seat to work on suspension, according to EN813 standard with CE type. Suspended work are regulated by RD 2177/2004 in paragraph 4.1 of the Annex. The sport harnesses are excluded for the completion of the work covered by the subject LPRL belts and lanyards should never be used as fall protection items. A drop in vacuum belt is subject to fatal. Elements


Fall items must conform to the standard EN353-1 (Fall rigid anchor line) EN353-2 (Fall flexible anchor line), EN355 (item lifeline with energy absorber) and EN360 (retractable fall arrester), excluding any other. We pay special attention to a lot of clamping devices, sold in the market as a lifeline and they are not. These devices conform to the EN354 standard and are not Fall items and will not absorb the energy generated in the fall, transmitting this to the employee, potentially leading to serious internal injuries that, in case of fall.

EN795 regulates the minimum requirements of static and dynamic strength, which must have the anchor points.

anchor points of class B and class E will have to have its corresponding EC-type certification. Anchoring devices of Classes A, C and D have a different kind of consideration, the power installed them in different situations and facing reception. These devices will be supported by a certificate of compliance in regard to components and placing a note of calculating test or equivalent, signed by a qualified service, in terms of anchorage devices to the wall of reception. In case of opting for trials, of course these are not destructive, very difficult and expensive to make, when it comes to dynamic tests as the control and verification devices are not available to everyone.

All devices must comply with the provisions of European Directive 89/686/EEC (transposed to English legislation in RD1407/92) and identical to the personal protective equipment covered by the certificates
EC type given by the inspection body and subjected to the procedure referred to Article 11, Part B of the directive, under the supervision of quality control agency.

information for the proper use of work, additional preventive measures to be taken in occupational risks involving both normal use, as its Improper handling or use, maintenance and periodic reviews of the equipment will be provided by manufacturers, importers and suppliers of the same.

The employer shall ensure that the information referred to in the preceding paragraph are provided to workers in terms that are comprehensible to them. Reviews

regard to periodic reviews of lifelines and horizontal rails, it is essential to conduct the review in its entirety. Quite common to find devices placed on supports fixed to the inside cover of this (it cuts some of the coverage, fixing brackets the structure of the ship and then close the hole made, proceed to sealing). How is the verification of these anchors, main part of the system installed, if you do not have access to them? It is common, unfortunately, to meet installers emitting facilities review certificates without verifying the anchors, as they have no access to them by the configuration of the system. Additionally, this type of facility adds an additional risk to the deck, as it cuts its supports and coverage is totally weakened around each bracket. This has major incidence and severity of asbestos-cement roofs.


supports life-line for cement. Installation without opening or cut the deck. Compliance with the RD 396/2006 of 31 March, laying down minimum safety and health requirements for work involving the risk of exposure to asbestos.

As a general rule we purchase goods and compulsory insurance. The RD 1801/2003 regulates and seeks to ensure that products placed on the market are safe.

In Section 3, paragraph 5 of this Royal Decree, it is presumed that a product is unsafe when: a.

The product or develop systems which are devoid of administrative authorizations or other preventive controls requirements established with the direct purpose of protecting the health and safety of consumers and users. In particular, when being forced to do so, the product has been put on the market without a corresponding 'EC Declaration of Conformity', the 'CE' mark or any other mandatory safety. B.
Lacks the minimum data identifying the producer.

Finally, said that Article 3, paragraph 3 of this Royal Decree indicates that when there is no mandatory provision of applicable law or this does not cover all hazards or risks of the product categories to assess their security, while ensuring the level of safety that consumers expect reasonably be taken into account the following elements: a.

National technical standards transposing European standards are not harmonized. B.
UNE. C.
The European Commission recommendations setting guidelines on the assessment of product safety. D.
Codes of good practice on product safety in force in the sector, especially in its elaboration and adoption have been involved consumers and public administration. E.
The current state of knowledge and technology ..

Features: 

Installs without cutting the cover plates. 
be attached directly to the roof structure. 
integrated energy absorber. 
Solicitation on all axes. 
total manufacturing in stainless steel. 
according to CE EN795.
 No leakage problems or water leaks. 
seriously weakens not covered, by not having to cut it.  Ease
periodic review: the light fixtures.

José Ángel Vicente, Product Manager Protection Systems

CYES height

Hot Sensation In Thigh

PREVENTION AND SAFETY IN WORKS VERTICAL (ANETVA)

PREVENTION AND SAFETY WORK IN VERTICAL


ANETVA has published several articles concerning the nature of the activity of vertical work, its regulatory framework, typology, contents etc., In order to promote and disseminate such activity. On this occasion, the intention is to discuss another important issue for the development of vertical works: prevention and safety in this activity.

are more than 15 years that has established ANETVA and publicizing the activity, and almost four since the appearance of RD 2177/2004 on the use of computers to perform temporary work at height, implying that no vertical works are now a novelty in our country but still a lot unknown from the point of view of prevention of occupational hazards.

Needless to say, work for companies in vertical occupational risk prevention, and within this specific risk assessment is an essential tool determines that such work can be executed, the indicated and established by same as the work is safe, as indicated by the provision 4.1.3 of RD 2177/2004.

It is therefore necessary condition for vertical work companies have a business risk assessment to determine their safety. Logically, and as content, so you can establish that the work is vertical sure, it is necessary for risk assessment of the job is done correctly. This requires that the same be collected measures that seek to avoid the causes behind the main risk of the activity, and that is none other than the drop height at different levels.

This truism, to assess and establish corrective and preventive measures to avoid a risk like this, sometimes fails for whom, depending on the adopted preventive mode, compete. In some cases we encounter the paradox that the 'prevention plan', and within this, the risk assessment identifies the business 'vertical works' many sometimes by the very name of the company but not on the same assessed the vertical job, and yes others such as secretary, storekeeper, manager, administrative, painter, driver, etc., but the top spot on which turns the activity of the company "operator who executes technical rope access and positioning," not appear anywhere, with the consequences and responsibilities that this may result in all respects.

Other times it happens that identifies itself in assessing the risks of vertical job, but there are not what are the preventive and corrective measures must be taken into account to avoid the causes that may cause the main risk inherent in the activity. That is, identifying the high risk of falling at different levels, are shown in terms of probability, severity, consequences, level, etc. And do not prescribe what preventive or remedial measures be implemented to avoid the causes that can cause high risk of falling.

In some cases there are some preventive or corrective measures that have a generic markup in the risk of falling at different levels, without referring to the vertical jobs. Sometimes referred to those related to scaffolds or scaffolds, ladders, or relating to the use of axle stands, railings, nets, etc. Sometimes they are said to be used and applied techniques are climbing out measures such as using seat belts, hooks, pulleys, etc.
In ANETVA advise member companies on the prevention of occupational hazards in order to always observe preventive measures inherent in this activity, which occurs, but also seeks to inform the general principle that minimum content be included in a risk assessment of vertical jobs, which should be:

1. The anchoring or fastening systems: installation, security measures to be applied, types, verification and control, etc.
2. Work and safety equipment. Relationship and identifying the same rules that must be met. Use and function.
3. Technical work by string or progression. They are implemented according to the work to be performed.
4. Standards for handling loads at height.
5. Working procedures and protocols to follow in implementing these techniques, since the work should be planned.
6. Adequate specific training that the worker should be vertical to implement access and positioning techniques using a rope.
7. Evacuation measures and rescue, emergency plan, etc.
8. Using tools in height. Attachment processes, security measures especially in the use of welding and cutting tools.

This is not an exhaustive list and that depending on the activity or task to run with vertical work assessment should include specific measures to prevent the causes that may lead to the risk.
addition and as an important factor to consider, it should be noted that vertical work is an access method and positioning in height through the use of ropes, of which the worker is suspended upright to run a job or task, so that risk assessment must be upheld those that are inherent in this task or job.

Hoy en día se debe tener muy presente, desde el punto de vista de la prevención de riesgos laborales, que las empresas de trabajos verticales realizan multitud de tareas y actividades en altura. Esto implica que deben ser evaluadas individualmente porque, aparte del principal riesgo -caída de altura a distinto nivel- hay otros que, en función de la tarea, también pueden estar presentes.

También debe tenerse en cuenta, y ANETVA lo considera como un tema muy importante, que deben, desde el punto de vista de la prevención de riesgos laborales, analizarse también los factores de carácter ergonómico que influyen en la propia actividad de los trabajos verticales. Este es sin duda un tema importante en el que se should work and where ANETVA intended to be present to advise, assist or encourage the development of studies that analyze the different factors, from the point of view of ergonomics can help improve safety and health of workers vertical.

A factor or aspect in the activity of vertical work, which deals significantly with the safety and security, and in need of official recognition, or at least professional, is the vertical job training.

ANETVA been giving recognition to informal training in these techniques for over 9 years, but there must be an official recognition of the profession vertical worker. Not only for its own sake and that without training can not work in vertical work, but also a matter of image, if you will, of the activity itself, since workers are not vertical mountaineers, climbers, climbers, cavers, etc..

is not acceptable in any document, report writing, etc., That has to do with the work vertical vertical workers identify with these descriptions, and that nothing made a sport, nor the techniques are the same although they were the source.

Some may continue to have the profile itself, increasingly less-but we must not forget that are workers employed by a company, they have some obligations in the workplace, prevention and safety, etc., and must perform a task or job based on their knowledge union using a technique and equipment within the organization of that company. Should be discarded, therefore, the canard that companies feed vertical work of climbers and mountaineers, etc.

Furthermore, the existence of specific regulations, the development of technical security measures are required, the emergence of specific material and equipment, etc., Make, at little or no time to fall in line with these techniques which develop in the sport.

Today most firms engaged in vertical work prefer to hire professional trade or profession, who are taught the technique of vertical work. This may seem obvious to some is not, and still think that the companies have workers work at heights unprofessional, which use these techniques on your specialty, but who can not work, or their job, etc. Card

ANETVA

The tool has been using for over 7 years to pass the recognition of the occupation of workers vertical is issuing a professional license.


La herramienta que ANETVA lleva utilizando para el reconocimiento de la profesión de es la emisión de un carné profesional.

En la actualidad parece que toda profesión u oficio debe ser acreditado por medio de un carné profesional. ANETVA ya empezó a emitir este documento hace mucho tiempo y ha sido una herramienta muy útil para que las empresas de trabajos verticales asociadas acreditarán la formación y especialización de sus trabajadores, teniendo como garante de la formación efectiva a la propia asociación.

El objetivo de ANETVA es continuar y, en su medida, fomentar, la divulgación de este documento, así como su reconocimiento oficial, if possible, as it is a valid form of evidence that companies in both vertical meet mandatory training for their workers and, more importantly, keep updated this commitment.

The issuance of this card is based on training procedures ANETVA has adopted and applied in the partner companies. These training contents revolve around a central axis which is the "Manual Training Techniques of Vertical work (technical rope access and positioning) has edited the association, which has been recently updated.

These procedures set out the training in vertical work is divided into three professional levels, to which they relate a series of training content and were down a set of skills, abilities, obligations, etc.

The three levels are professionals recognized by ANETVA OF.-Basic level, the level OF.-II and level-III OF.. Besides, as a separate category for these professional standards ANETVA recognizes the figure of the 'monitor-trainer'. This figure has its recognition by ANETVA long as the person who holds an associate working on. That is, the only association accredited instructors-trainers in the partner companies, but not in others. In addition, there is a significant peculiarity about it is that they can only provide training to the staff of the partner, and not to third parties, unless the partner in question is a company whose primary business is providing training. In this case ANETVA recognize this company and accredited training and their instructors, trainers, if enabled by the association to train others. Today

ANETVA has officially recognized in Spain and five training centers are expected in a few dates this amount will be increased with the accreditation of two national centers, as well as the accreditation of two others in Portugal. David Cendal

Moreda, Director and manager of ANETVA (National Association of Vertical work).

Chrome Reversed Wheels

INJURY OCCURRED

INJURY OCCURRED HIGH FALLS

The fall height is the leading cause of serious accidents in the construction sector and represents 16% of fatal accidents. We must take into account not only the number of accidents but the harmful consequences, which in most cases are extremely serious. Fall is considered high when it exceeded two meters.

drop in height can damage any part of the body. We make a classification in response to the affected area:
 Head: usually cause serious injury. It is the trauma that causes the death of the worker more often. Spine 
serious lesions associated with large permanent sequelae (paralysis, etc..). 
Trunk: internal organ damage with serious risk of death. 
Tips: High-energy fractures with severe repercussions on the subsequent reinstatement of workers to their working life. 
Multiple locations: may be affected two or more segments referred to above.

I'm not going to value falls from great heights (over 10 or 11 meters), since they usually produce death worker immediately. I will show the lesions and more common and disabling consequences that I found in my experience as a Medical Assistance Medical Education.

First we have the most common injury and feared by workers and physicians: fracture of one or both heels. This is usually the most common due to the fall on the feet of a height between 2 and 5 meters. Produces a dislocation of the calcaneus, which is the body weight transmitted to the ground when walking.

Aspecto de un pie con una grave fractura de calcáneo The treatment of these lesions is usually surgical and the results are often dispiriting for both the orthopedic surgeon to the patient. After a long convalescence often severe sequelae for up to incapacitate the worker to return to work.

often added to these fractures, vertebral fractures often appear dorsal and / or lower back, due to transmission of the impact of the lower limbs to the spine. Are usually not too serious, since it is not very high, but greatly complicates the treatment of heel.

also usually associated with other injuries calcaneal fractures in the bones of the lower limbs, and fractures of the tibia and / or femur.
Grave fractura de la extremidad proximal de tibia (en la rodilla). Where the impact is with the patient sitting (quite common), injuries vertebrae are usually much more severe, including with spinal injuries, and often requires surgical stabilization of the lesions.
The upper limb injuries are less common, although the head falls generally place the hands to prevent the impact on the head and injuries occur in the wrists and forearms. In the fall generally lateral humerus fracture.
The evolution of fractures of long bones (tibia, femur, humerus, radius and ulna) is usually favorable and is achieved without sequelae reinstatement of the worker in his job.

In summary, a fall from height injuries cause a high mortality and morbidity in workers with severe permanent sequelae, not only for their work but also for the other activities of daily living.

Prevention is relatively simple and based on narrow the spaces through which workers can be precipitated by fences, railings, nets, etc. and provide workers with appropriate personal protective equipment, harnesses, ropes, etc .-.

Maximino Sanchez Morales, a specialist in Orthopaedic Surgery. Canary Ibermutuamur CP Supervisor. President of the Sociedad Canaria Medical Care and Education (SCMAL)

Dark Yellow Dog Urine

HEIGHT FALLS AND BRAIN DAMAGE ACCIDENT: THE PREVENTION AND THE REINTEGRATION

BRAIN DAMAGE AND ACCIDENTS: PREVENTION AND REINTEGRATION

The brain damage is defined as a sudden injury in the brain that produces many consequences of a physical, mental and sensory abnormalities develop sensory perception, cognitive impairment, in memory or at the emotional level.

Among the most common causes of brain damage include traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke (CVA) as well as brain tumors and other different.

Strokes are characterized by the sudden death of cells brain as a result of the reduction or interruption of blood supply to the brain. Although often considered an age-related disease, should highlight the fact that one third of strokes or stroke affecting younger than 65 years. The physical changes arise as stroke hemiplegia, speech abnormalities, loss of memory or perception problems. These alterations occur, in turn, significant changes in social behavior of those affected, emotional disorders, anxiety, depressive symptoms, increased dependency or social isolation.


Strokes are characterized by sudden death of brain cells due to the reduction or interruption of blood supply to the brain.

Head injuries are injuries caused by an external force that often result in loss of consciousness. The severity, type and variety of consequences depend on the intensity of the trauma, the duration of loss of consciousness and other factors such as age, speed in the care and rehabilitation. The most frequent alterations affecting the regulation and control of behavior, difficulties in abstraction and problem solving, the learning and memory disorders as well as the field of personality and emotional adjustment. Physical changes include motor impairment (mobility or language) and / or sensory impairments (vision, hearing, touch or taste). According

Reference 2002 (Minimum Data Set Hospital Discharge / Institute for Health Information / Ministry of Health), in Spain there were at least 35,000 hospital admissions for head injuries -TCE-(traffic accidents , business, sports, household falls, assaults, etc.). producing multiple functional alterations to some 4,300 people.


Features that define the profile of the victim English are "young men with little experience working in low-skilled jobs with temporary type jobs."

Many of these accidents that cause brain damage are related to work, either because occur in the workplace, because they are traffic accidents 'commuting' or because they are related to psychosocial factors.

The principal conclusions of the 'Report Durán' on 'Safety at Work and its prevention', 2001, the characteristics that define the profile of the victim English are "young men with little experience working in low-skilled jobs with temporary type jobs .... This suggests a kind of precarious work, in which brain damage is caused mainly by serious accidents, for example, falls from height, cardiovascular disease and traffic accidents. Obviously, the profile outlined above, this type of accidents are concentrated in the most vulnerable groups in the labor market: young and unskilled immigrants, temporary jobs in the productive sectors more precarious.


According to the General Directorate of Traffic, a third of traffic accidents involving a vehicle is transportation goods

addition, according to the General Directorate of Traffic, a third of traffic accidents involving a vehicle is carrying goods, and, according to the 'Survey on Disabilities, Impairments and Health Status' of National Institute of Statistics 1999, more than half of those injured on the roads this year were directed "to its core business"

There is another type of traffic accidents related to work activities, but that does not happen in schools complicate the determination of them as an occupational accident. These are called 'commuting' (moving to or from, the workplace) or an accident 'in missionaries' (professionals steering wheel). 100% recognition of these accidents and accident would result in the coverage of each other on the damage resulting from accident, resulting in the rehabilitation period is essential for the subsequent quality of life of those affected. This gives rise to discrimination between the persons concerned have received compensation and no, your accident is not considered as work.

For heart attacks, stroke, although studies such as the "Occupational health in the 90's. A framework for change ', the World Health Organization (WHO) to demonstrate a direct relationship between work and increased cardiovascular disease, is rarely considered an occupational disease. According to a study by the University of Cambridge, people with higher stress at risk 40% higher for stroke than other people.

On the other hand, there is a serious problem of identification of occupational accidents induced by the conditions of a job whose conditions are the result of some corporate policies they sell the final product. The lack of transparency (black economy, false self, and of course, illegal immigrants) to hide the labor relationship, also hide the actual accident.

Prevention

The double condition of the accident as a phenomenon whose occurrence is unpredictable but at the same time, corporate responsibility, has been solved by the introduction of 'safe'. Thus, the policies of "anticipation of the accident" is, rather, policies of "anticipating the consequences of the accident."

The reduction of accidents will be effective when the accident is integrated into a type of development model in which health care is really a productive resource and not merely a result of the tax cost more or less serious consequences for growth economic.

In Spain, the deregulation of the labor market in years 84 and 94 has contributed to the development of business strategies and sectors that focus their profits, either in the progressive lowering of labor costs or in degrading conditions work.

include the organization of work and occupational risk factor is key to achieving results from prevention, more so with regard to identified risk groups with brain damage.


According to a study by the University of Cambridge, people with higher stress are at 40% higher risk of stroke population than the rest of Vocational Rehabilitation

The labor market is a process whose ultimate goal is for people to develop as such and feel accomplished. The work is an integration tool that will allow the person to join the society in which they live.

In this regard, the difficulties of those affected by Acquired Brain Injury is determined by the plurality of effects that appear after the injury, and this hinders the inclusion of DCA in the existing categories within the disability and leads to find a lack of resources and protocols for the integration of the DCA in the workplace. Insertion socio

must begin with an assessment and study of the different variables: curricular, personal, social, interaction capacity, production capacity and behavior.

To complete this process, the steps should include elements such as collecting all possible information about the activity and an analysis of the tasks concerned with the evaluation of them. This will establish a period of training and business simulations, to finally make a follow-up support for as long as necessary.

Attendance at occupational centers, services, using the work as a means to promote personal and social development is very useful. Can serve as a bridge to other forms of employment or create the final path regarding performance of a social activity.


brain damage claims urgent measures for the development and implementation of preventive measures to curb this escalating epidemic. Conclusions


The labor market is a process whose ultimate goal is for people to develop as such and feel accomplished.

brain damage claims urgent measures, in the development and implementation of preventive measures to curb the escalation of the epidemic known as "silent epidemic", also with regard to the creation of support and infrastructure to successfully tackle its consequences for affected individuals and their families and, finally, to promote initiatives for reintegration into the world working partner.

However, this is not the only front on which to work from the field of prevention: it is necessary to eliminate the lack of knowledge and experience that lie at the root of many accidents, support training and awareness workers, as well as committed support and involvement from the business.

Federation Brain Injury English has over ten years working to reverse this situation, claiming the right geriatric care, enhancing the measures and resources for the social reintegration of those affected and working on prevention and awareness, both in the workplace and in the rest social fields. Minimize the effects of brain damage and facilitate recovery and reintegration of those affected is a task for everyone to improve social welfare. Bibliography


 Ombudsman 'brain damage in Spain: an epidemiologic and socio approach. " Madrid: Publications. Reports and Documents, 2006
 FEDACE 'Guide families' Madrid: FEDACE, 2006
 Institute for the Elderly and Social Services' model of care for people with brain damage. " Madrid. IMSERSO, 2007. Amalia

Diéguez, president of the English Federation of Brain Injury (FEDACE)